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The Islamic Revolution of Iran.. Endnotes
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| 1- |
S.R. Gill, "Reflections on Global Order and Sociohistorical Time," Alternatives, v. 16, 1991, p. 275. |
| 2- |
Bernard Lewis, "The Roots of Muslim Rage," The Atlantic Monthly, v. 266, September 1990, p. 60. |
| 3- |
Samuel Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" Foreign Affairs, v. 72, no. 3, 1993, p. 22. |
| 4- |
Ibid., p. 23. |
| 5- |
In such an attempt, a deconstructive approach is utilized in as far as it bears a measure of affinity with Islam in its radical critique of Western methodological discourse. The affinity, however, ends there. While post-modern deconstructivism falls to a large measure into skepticism and pseudo-nihilism, Islam offers itself as the alternative bastion of certainty. |
| 6- |
Fazlur Rahman, "Roots of Islamic Neo-Fundamentalism," in Phillip H. Soddard et al., eds., Change and the Muslim World (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1981), p. 25. |
| 7- |
Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" pp. 22 & 29. |
| 8- |
Ibid., pp. 25-7. |
| 9- |
Daniel Pipes and Patrick Clawson, "Ambitious Iran, Troubled Neighbors," Foreign Affairs, v. 72, no. 1, 1993, p. 132. My emphasis. |
| 10- |
Ibid., p. 137. My emphasis. |
| 11- |
William E. Connolly, Political Science and Ideology (New York: Atherton Press, 1967), pp. 69-70. |
| 12- |
Ibid. |
| 13- |
"This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed my favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion." Quran, ch. 5: v. 3; and "The religion before God is Islam." Quran, ch. 3: v. 19. Quranic translations are from Yusuf Ali. |
| 14- |
"Verily this Ummah of yours is a single Ummah." Quran, ch. 21: v. 92; ch. 23: v. 52. |
| 15- |
"Ye are the best of Peoples evolved for mankind." Quran, ch. 3 : v. 110. |
| 16- |
"Never will the Jews or the Christians be satisfied with thee unless thou follow their form of religion. Say `the guidance of God, that is the (only) guidance. Quran, ch.2: v.120. Quoting Huntington in this context is instructive: "A world of clashing civilizations . . . is inevitably a world of double standards: people apply one standard to their kin-countries and a different standard to others." "The Clash of Civilizations?" p. 36. |
| 17- |
Huntington, "The Clash of Civilizations?" p. 24. |
| 18- |
See, for example, the works of Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973); and Bassam Tibi, Islam and the Cultural Accommodation of Social Change (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990). |
| 19- |
Burhan Ghulyun, Ightial al-`Aql [The Assassination of the Mind] (Cairo: Madbouli Bookshop, 1990), p. 242. |
| 20- |
Joel Migdal, Strong Societies and Weak States (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 4. |
| 21- |
Tibi, Islam and the Cultural Accommodation, p. 69. |
| 22- |
Ibid., p. 9. |
| 23- |
Peter Berger, The Sacred Canopy (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1967), p. 126. |
| 24- |
To `Ali Shari`ati, the intellectual, as opposed to a free thinker, is simply one who exerts mental work without necessarily being conscious of his society's culture or essence. See his, From Where Shall We Begin, tr. by Fatollah Marjani (Houston: Free Islamic Literature, 1980), p. 8. |
| 25- |
Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), p. 325. |
| 26- |
Malik bin Nabi, Shurut al-Nahda [The Conditions of Renaissance] (Cairo: Dar al-`Uruba, 1961), pp. 36-7. |
| 27- |
Fazlur Rahman, Islam and Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), p. 24. |
| 28- |
Edward Shils, Tradition (London: Faber & Faber, 1981), p. 321. |
| 29- |
Jurgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987), p. 87. |
| 30- |
Leonard Binder, Islamic Liberalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 294. |
| 31- |
Habermas, Philosophical Discourse, p. 87. |
| 32- |
Berger, Sacred Canopy, p. 126. |
| 33- |
N.J. Coullson, A History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964), pp. 75 & 152. |
| 34- |
See the statement by President Bill Clinton's National Security Adviser, Anthony Lake, that the U.S. should "adopt a strategy of `enlargement,' promoting global stability by increasing the numbers, strength and cohesiveness of free-market democracies." Time International, October 4, 1993, p. 51. |
| 35- |
Christopher Norris and Andrew Benjamin, What is Deconstruction (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), p. 7. |
| 36- |
Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, tr. by Gayatri C. Spivak, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. lxxv. |
| 37- |
Ibid., p. xviii. |
| 38- |
Ibid., p. xviii. |
| 39- |
Ibid., p. lxxvii. |
| 40- |
Ibid., p. lxxv. |
| 41- |
Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), p. 148. |
| 42- |
Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), pp. 330-1. |
| 43- |
Barry Holden, Understanding Liberal Democracy (London: Phillip Allan, 1988), p. 12. |
| 44- |
Bertrand de Jouvenal, Power: The Natural History of its Growth, Rev. ed. (London: Batchworth, 1948), p. 338. |
| 45- |
Robert Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956), p. 1. |
| 46- |
Giovanni Sartori, "Democracy," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, v. 4, p. 112. |
| 47- |
Quran, 56:51. |
| 48- |
"But those who . . . give . . . preference over themselves, even though poverty was their [own lot]. And those saved from the covetousness of their own souls,-they are the ones that achieve prosperity." Quran ch. 59: v. 9. |
| 49- |
Binder, Islamic Liberalism, p. 31. |
| 50- |
Said, Orientalism, p. 25. |
| 51- |
Binder, Islamic Liberalism, p. 185. |
| 52- |
Ibid., p. 17. |
| 53- |
Ibid., p. 214. |
| 54- |
Theda Skocpol, "Rentier State and Shi`a Islam in the Iranian Revolution," Theory and Society, 11 (3), May 1982, p. 280. |
| 55- |
Ibid., p. 212. |
| 56- |
Said, Orientalism, p. 12. |
| 57- |
Ziauddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilization (London: Mansell Publishing, 1987), p. 248. |
| 58- |
Ibid., p. 245. |
| 59- |
Ibid., p. 246. |
| 60- |
Ibid., p. 248. |
| 61- |
Binder, Islamic Liberalism, p. 130. |
| 62- |
Eric Voeglin, The New Science of Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), p. 144. |
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