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Tariq Ramadan: Our societies are awaiting the emergence of a new "We". |
We have ample reason to be concerned. The situation of Muslims in Western societies has, for the last 20 years, been fraught with difficulty. If anything, this situation has worsened over the last five years. The "war against terror" launched after the events of September 11, 2001, repeated terrorist attacks throughout the world, and increased tensions arising from social problems or from immigration have combined to portray Islam and Muslims in general as a threat to the societies of the West. Fear, and its accompanying emotional and often irrational reactions, has become a part of the public mindset. Such reactions, while often legitimate and understandable, are also being exploited with increasing frequency for political and electoral ends.
From Canada to Australia, by way of the United States and Europe, hardly a Western society has been spared its own searing questions of "identity," its own "integration"-related tensions, and its own debate on the place of Muslims within its confines. Muslims, meanwhile, realize that the atmosphere has become more highly charged, that suspicions have deepened; they have become the subject of debates that are neither entirely transparent nor very healthy. Muslims find themselves faced with clear-cut alternatives: They can accept their lot and adopt the attitude of the "victim", the "discriminated minority," who withdraws into itself and never ceases to justify itself, or they can face up to their difficulties, become full-fledged subjects of their own history, and take the necessary corrective measures. It is only natural that they complain of the treatment handed them, that they criticize the racism and daily discrimination they must endure; but in the final analysis, their fate is in their hands. Nothing will change until they accept full responsibility for themselves, become constructively critical and self-critical, and respond to the creeping evolution of fear with a firmly grounded revolution of trust.
Facing Legitimate Questions
| Muslims can accept their lot and adopt the attitude of the "victim," or they can face up to their difficulties and take the necessary corrective measures. |
Events of recent years have brought Western populations face to face with new realities and self-doubts as deep as they have been challenging. The increasingly visible presence of millions of Muslims in their midst has made them aware that their societies have changed: Cultural homogeneity is a thing of the past; the question of their own identity has become complex; the real social mixing is an ideal that can only be achieved with difficulty, particularly when social problems such as unemployment, racism and marginalization multiply. This sense of instability, combined with the presence of a religion and a culture seen as "foreign," has given rise to fears and to questions that are perfectly legitimate, even though they may be expressed with a certain confusion. Are Muslims truly capable of living in secularized societies? Are their values compatible with those of democracy? Can they live side-by-side and mingle with their non-Muslim neighbors? Can they combat the shocking behavior exhibited in their name, in the form of terrorism, domestic violence, forced marriage, and the like? Can they free themselves from their social ghettos, those breeding grounds of unemployment, insecurity, and marginality?
Faced with these questions, Muslims must rise to the occasion. They must express confidence in themselves, in their values, in their ability to live and to communicate with full serenity in Western societies. The revolution of trust for which we appeal will depend, first and foremost, on self-confidence, on confidence in one's convictions: The task is to reappropriate one's heritage, and to develop toward it a positive yet critical intellectual attitude. They must be capable of affirming that the teachings of Islam summon Muslims first and foremost to the spiritual life, to introspection and to self-reform. They must forcefully insist that Muslims are expected to respect the laws of the countries in which they reside, and to which they must be loyal. Millions of Muslims are, in fact, already proving every day that "religious integration" is an accomplished fact, that they are indeed at home in the Western countries whose tastes, culture, and psychology they have made their own.
Still, faced with legitimate fears, Western Muslims cannot simply minimize or downplay these questions. They must, as a matter of utmost urgency, develop a critical discourse that rejects the victim's stance, one that criticizes instead radical, literal, or cultural readings of the sources. In the name of the guiding principles of Islam, they must take a stand against, for instance, the use and misuse of their religion to justify terrorism, domestic violence, or forced marriage.
| We must distinguish what is strictly religious in nature from educational, social, or immigration-related issues. |
The future of the Muslim spiritual community will necessarily require institutions of religious training (Islamic studies, Islamology, imam training schools, etc.) to be established in the West and to help respond to Western citizens' expectations. With the same critical attitude, they must learn to make distinctions; they must not endorse the confusion that surrounds the debates related to their societies: Social problems, unemployment, marginalization, and immigration are not "religious problems" and have nothing to do with Islam as such. It is imperative to reject the "Islamization" of educational and socio-economic issues that require political, not religious, solutions.
One of the most effective ways of responding to legitimate fears is to separate problems into their component parts, but without disconnecting these closely related elements. "Deconstructing without disconnecting" means that we accept, first and foremost, the obligation to distinguish what is strictly religious in nature from educational, social, or immigration-related issues, and then analyze how cause-and-effect relationships are established at the socio-political grassroots. Citizens of the Muslim faith must contribute to a reformulation of the political questions of the day. Seen in this light, unemployment, school failure and delinquency have, as we already mentioned, no connection with Islam. Yet it is vitally necessary to grasp the reasons why Muslim citizens and residents bear the brunt of failure in these very areas. What new political, social, and city-planning policies can we propose to redress this state of affairs — new initiatives that would enable us to combat segregation and self-segregation, and encourage a greater social justice and mixing at all levels of society?
Exploiting Fear
| The question of "Islam" often becomes a diversionary tactic that political parties employ to undermine their adversaries and attract voters. |
The arguments that were, yesterday, the sole province of parties of the extreme right have unfortunately found a home within traditional mainstream parties. Political leaders increasingly play upon fear to mobilize voters and to promote increasingly hard-line policies for managing social problems, security, and immigration. At a loss for creative, innovative ideas for promoting cultural pluralism or for combating unemployment and social ghettoization, they prefer the dangerous rhetoric of protecting "identity" and "cultural homogeneity," of defending "Western values," of imposing strict limitations on "foreigners" with, of course, the whole apparatus of new security laws to fight terrorism. These political discourses play upon deep-seated apprehensions, perpetuate confusion over the terms of debate, and promote a binary approach to socio-political issues. The implicit terms of the debate are often reduced to a distinction between two entities: "We Westerners" and "They, the Muslims," even when citizens are Muslims.
The constant return to the same questions in national political debates (violence, women, integration, etc.) is far from innocent; the question of "Islam" often becomes a diversionary tactic that political parties employ to undermine their adversaries and attract voters. Racist and xenophobic speech proliferates; the past is reinterpreted so as to exclude Islam from the slightest participation in the creation of the Western identity, henceforth redefined as purely Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian; individuals are tested at the border to determine the "moral flexibility" of immigrants; and laws reinforcing security become reflexive in these times of fear and instability, not to mention the policies of intransigence whose ultimate effect is to criminalize immigrants and asylum seekers.
In response to these attempts at exploitation and, on occasion, to the manipulation that accompanies them, citizens of the Muslim religion must behave contrary to the natural reactions. Instead of withdrawing from the public debate and into isolation, they must make themselves heard; step out of their religious, social, cultural, or political ghettos and move forward to meet and reassure their fellow citizens.
| The true loyal citizenship is a critical loyalty that means to lay claim to one's rights and carry out a thorough critique of government policies. |
The policies of those who exploit fear are intended to create precisely what they claim to combat: By perpetually accusing Muslims of not being integrated, of setting themselves apart, of setting up barriers between "them" and "us," and of shutting themselves up in a religious identity they view as exclusive, the intellectuals and politicians who warn against the "naivety" of other politicians against "the Islamic threat" or the "failure" of pluralist society or of multiculturalism spread suspicion, create divisions, and try to isolate the Muslims.
As citizens, Muslims are today called upon to establish a rigorous critique of these very alarmist pronouncements that badly conceal the ideology they promote. In the name of Western values, the Muslims must fight against policies that normalize common racism and discriminatory treatment, that stigmatize a portion of the population. The true loyal citizenship is a critical loyalty that means to refuse to have to permanently prove one's belonging to the society in full knowledge of one's responsibilities as citizen, lay claim to one's rights, and carry out a thorough critique of government policies when these policies betray the ideals of a democratic society.
A New "We"
| The vital issue today is to take the measure of each society by comparing the ideals affirmed and proclaimed with the concrete practices |
If there is a contribution that Muslim Westerners can bring to their respective societies, it is surely that of reconciliation. Confident in convictions, frank and rigorous in their critical outlook, armed with a broader understanding of Western societies, of their values, their history and their aspirations, they are ideally placed to engage their fellow citizens in reconciling these societies with their own ideals. The vital issue today is not to compare social models or experiences in a fruitless debate (as we have witnessed between the United States, France, and Great Britain) but more simply, and in a far stricter and more demanding way, to take the measure of each society by comparing the ideals affirmed and proclaimed by its intellectuals and politicians, with the concrete practices that can be observed at the social grassroots: human rights and equality of opportunity (between men and women, people of different origins, skin colors). We must bring constructive criticism to bear on our societies, and measure words against deeds: all the citizens must adopt toward their society the same healthy self-critical attitude that Muslims must demonstrate toward their community.
Our societies are awaiting the emergence of a new "We". A "We" that would bring together men and women, citizens of all religions — and those without religion —who would undertake together to resolve the contradictions of their society: the right to work, to housing, to respect, against racism and all forms of discrimination, all offenses against human dignity. Such a "We" would henceforth represent this coming together of citizens confident in their values, defenders of pluralism in their common society and respectful of the identities of others; citizens who seek to take up the challenge in the name of their shared values at the very heart of their societies. As loyal and critical citizens, as men and women of integrity, they join forces in a revolution of trust and confidence to stem the onrush of fear. Against shallow, emotional, even hysterical reactions, they stand firm for rationality, for dialogue, for attentiveness, for a reasonable approach to complex social questions.
Local, National
The future of Western societies is now being played out at the local level. It is a matter of greatest urgency to set in motion national movements of local initiatives, in which women and men of different religions, cultures, and sensitivities can open new horizons of mutual understanding and shared commitment: horizons of trust. These shared projects must henceforth bring us together and give birth to a new "We" anchored in citizenship.
| A more objective reading of the memories building the current national history must be made official. |
Of course, "intercultural" and "interfaith" dialogues are both vital and necessary, but they cannot have the impact of the shared commitment of citizens in the priority fields: education, social fractures, insecurity, racisms, discriminations, etc.
Together they must learn to question educational programs and to propose more inclusive approaches to the sum of remembered experience that make up today's Western societies. These societies have changed, and the teaching of history must change apace: It must include the multiplicity of these experiences; it must even speak of the dark periods of history, those of which new citizens of the West have often been the original victims. Alongside the Enlightenment, and the progress and achievements of science and technology, something must also be said about slavery, about colonialism, about racism, genocide, and more. Objectively, without arrogance nor permanent sense of guilt. At the risk of touching off a competition for most-wounded victim status, a more objective reading of the memories building the current national history must be made official.
On the social level, we must commit ourselves to a far more thorough social mixing in both our schools and our communities. Far more courageous and creative social and urban policies are needed, of course. But even now, citizens can foster human interchange in and through projects focused on local democratic participation. National political authorities must go along, facilitate and encourage such local dynamics.
| Western societies will not win the battle against social insecurity, violence, and drugs through the sole security-based approach. |
Western societies will not win the battle against social insecurity, violence, and drugs through the sole security-based approach. What we need in our communities are social institutions, civic education, local job creation, and confidence-building policies. Local political authorities can do much to transform the prevailing atmosphere of suspicion; and citizens, including Muslims, must not hesitate to knock on their doors to remind them that in a democratic society the elected representative is at the service of the voter, and not the opposite. It is imperative that we become involved in national affairs, that we not allow ourselves to be carried away by the passions generated on the international scene.
Still, it is clear that a critical discussion of how immigration is managed has yet to take place in the West: It is no longer possible to strip the Third World of its riches and in the same breath treat those who flee poverty and dictatorial regimes as criminals. Not only is such behavior unjust and inhuman; it is intolerable. To be and to remain the voice of the voiceless of Iraq or Palestine, of Tibet or Chechnya, of abused women and of AIDS victims (particularly in Africa, even though medication exists), is to take a stand for reconciliation in the name of the ideals of dignity, human rights, and justice too often sacrificed on the altar of short-term political gain and geostrategic interests. In times of globalization, both local mutual trust and global critical minds pave the road toward reconciliation between civilizations.
A revolution of trust and confidence, of critical loyalty, the birth of a new "We" driven by national movements of local initiative: Such are the contours of a responsible commitment by all the citizens in Western societies — for they lay claim to the benefits of a responsible, citizen-based ethic; for they want to promote the Western cultural richness; for they know that survival will depend, imperatively, upon a new sense of political creativity. Citizens must work in the long term, above and beyond the electoral deadlines that paralyze politicians and hinder the formulation of innovative, courageous policies. When the elected official has nowhere to turn, when he no longer can translate his ideas into reality, it falls to the voters, to the citizens, to lay full claim to their ideals, and to make them a reality.
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