Appeal to Islam mobilized the sentiments of Indian Muslims living in an undivided British India for a separate state. In the tumult of the Pakistan Movement emotions were flexed, but no detailed thought was given to the nature of the state that would result. The movement's leaders had received a liberal education and were generally Western oriented in their political training. It was of them and their counterparts in other parts of the Muslim world under European rule that Sir Hamilton Gibb would write, "[t]he most remarkable feature of the Moslem world in these early decades of the twentieth century is not that it is becoming westernized, but that it desires to be westernized.
15
Jinnah was the model of this secular-trained group of a new generation of Muslims for whom Muslim nationalism represented a cultural identity and who did not necessarily accept or comprehend fully the idea and principle of an Islamic state that would follow logically the demand for a Muslim-majority state once such a state was established. Their success rested on the breadth of Muslim appeal, allowing Muslims of differing ethnic and political backgrounds to unite behind the ambiguity of Muslim nationalism within India. Their demand was for a state wherein Muslims of undivided India would be the majority once the British departed. The distinction between a Muslim-majority state and an Islamic state in the postindependence period became one of the main divisive issues in constitution making.
16
The compelling sentiment behind the idea of Muslim nationalism was that the Muslims of undivided India could not trust a non-Muslim majority to protect their interests. It was this sentiment presented positively in nationalist terms as a demand of a community of people defined by religion, in this case Islam, that worked to bind the same people who otherwise were separated from each other by ethnicity and local or regional cultures. The appeal of Islam lies in its universality, in its emphasis on the ideals of justice and the repudiation of all differences that subvert the potential unity of believers in the message of Prophet Muhammad. Once this appeal was fully mobilized in the Indian context by the ML during the final decade of the British rule, it gained a following sufficient to compel the partition of the subcontinent. Behind this appeal was more than half a century of Muslim politics of separateness conducted under various conditions of colonial India's awakening to the demands of majority representation and national independence.
17 While the politics of separateness and the appeal of Islam brought a majority of Indian Mus-lims together to establish Pakistan, these factors blurred only temporarily the different views of modernists and traditionalists regarding what should be the constitutional framework of the new state.
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