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Footnotes:
1 - Globe and Mail, 3 February 1995.
2 - Comments made at a joint press conference with President Clinton. See, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "Press Conference of the President and Chancellor Helmut Kohl," 9 February 1995, 8.
3 - Agence France Presse, 15 August 1994.
4 - Reuters World Service, 19 August 1994.
5 - Agence France Presse, 11 July 1994.
6 - Charles Taylor, The Malaise of Modernity. Concord, ON: Anansi Press, 1991.
7 - James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 30-1.
8 - Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985.
9 - James Piscatori, 31.
10 - Khalid Bin Sayeed, Western Dominance and Political Islam: Challenge and Response. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995, 1.
11 - See R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World, 2nd ed., Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995, 8-11.
12 - World Bank, Global Economic Prospects and Developing Countries (Washington, 1995). Cited by John H. Sigler, "Conflict in the Middle East, 1994-1995," in A. Legault and J. Sigler eds., Conflicts dans le monde, 1994-95. Universite Laval: Institut quebecois des hautes etudes internationales, 1995.
13 - Hrair Dekmejian, "Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences," in Shireen Hunter ed., The Politics of Islamic Revivalism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988, 8.
14 - Hrair Dekmejian, "Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences," 8.
15 - John Voll, Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World, 2nd ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994, 375-6
16 - Conor O'Brien, On the Eve of the Millennium. Concord, ON: Anansi Press, 1994.
17 - Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982, 3.
18 - Lamos Andoni, Middle East International, 12 May 1995, 20. Murad Saggafi is the editor-in-chief of the Tehran-based secular magazine Goft e Gou (Dialogue).
19 - William Millward, "The Rising Tide of Islamic Fundamentalism (I)," Commentary, no. 30 (April 1993), 3. Millward is a strategic analyst for the Canadian Security and Intelligence Service.
20 - Ibid.
21 - Fred Halliday, "The politics of Islamic fundamentalism: Iran, Tunisia and the challenge to the secular state," in Akbar Ahmed and Hastings Donnan ed., Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity. New York: Routledge, 1994, 92.
22 - Barbara Roberson, "The Islamic Belief System," in Richard Little and Steve Smith eds., Belief Systems and International Relations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
23 - Hassan al-Turabi, "The Islamic Awakening's Second Wave," New Perspectives Quarterly 9 (Summer 1992), 55.
24 - Steven Emerson, The Wall Street Journal, 25 June 1993.
25 - Bernard Lewis, New York Review of Books, 25 March 1993, 10.
26 - William Dorman and Mansour Farhang, The US Press and Iran: Foreign Policy and the Journalism of Deference. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
27 - Nikkie Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981, 58-9.
28 - Amnesty International, Annual Report for 1974-75.
29 - Globe and Mail, 29 April 1995.
30 - Time, 15 January 1979, 18.
31 - Noam Chomsky, World Orders: Old and New. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, 190.
32 - Richard Nixon, The Real War. New York: Warner Books, 1980, 74 and Seize the Moment: America's Challenge in a One-Superpower World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992, 204.
33 - The Soref Symposium: American Strategy after the Gulf War, Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1991, 53.
34 - Khalid Bin Sayeed, 25.
35 - William Quandt, Peace Process. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
36 - Khalid Bin Sayeed, 22.
37 - Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992, 421.
38 - New York Times, 30 March 1996, A1.
39 - Transcript of MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour, PBS, 1 April 1992.
40 - Donald Neff, "Clinton places US policy at Israel's bidding," Middle East International, no. 497 (31 March 1995), 16-17.
41 - Report on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories 5 (March 1995), 1.
42 - Journal of Palestine Studies 24 (Spring 1995), 123-4.
43 - Noam Chomsky, World Orders: Old and New, 204.
44 - William Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982, 34-5.
45 - Ibid., 34.
46 - Middle East International, 19 March 1993, 20.
47 - Edward Said, Times Literary Supplement, (3 February 1995, 3.
48 - Richard Bulliet, "Rhetoric, Discourse and the Future of Hope," in Richard Bulliet ed., Under Siege: Islam and Democracy. New York: Middle East Institute of Columbia University, 1993, 10-11.
49 - William Millward, 2.

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