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Footnotes
| 1 |
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G. R. Lefrancois, Of Children: An Introduction to Child Development (Belmont: Wadsworth, 1973).
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| 2 |
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See Omar K. Khaleefa, "The Imperialism of Euro-American Psychology in a non-Western Culture: An Attempt toward an Ummatic Psychology," The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol.14, no.1 (1997): 50.
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| 3 |
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See Mona Abdul-Fadl, "Contemporary Social Theory: Tawhidi Projections," The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, vol. 2, no.3 (1994): 316.
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| 4 |
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Malik Badri, The Dilemma of Muslim Psychologists (London: MWH Publishers, 1979).
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| 5 |
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Mona Abul-Fadl, "Contemporary Social Theory," 317.
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| 6 |
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Ibid., 326.
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| 7 |
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Alexis Carrel, Al-Insan Dhalika al-Majhul (Man: The Unknown).
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| 8 |
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Abul-Fadl, "Contemporary Social Theory," 327.
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| 9 |
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L. S. Hearnshaw, The Shaping of Modern Psychology: An Historical Introduction (London: Routledge, 1987).
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| 10 |
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Harris, Kelvin, Education and Knowledge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), 5-27; cited in Suleiman, Said, "Islamization of Knowledge: A Working Concept and Implementation Strategies," an unpublished seminar paper, Muslim Forum Islamization of Knowledge Seminar Series, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria 1998.
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| 11 |
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Ismail Raji al-Faruqi, "Islamizing the Social Sciences," in Social and Natural Sciences: Islamic Perspective, edited by I. R. al-Faruqi (Jeddah: King Abdul-Aziz University, 1977), 12.
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| 12 |
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Ibid.
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| 13 |
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Ibid. |
| 14 |
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Hassan Langgulung, "Research in Psychology: Toward an Ummatic Paradigm," in Toward Islamization of the Disciplines (Herndon, Va.: IIIT, 1989), 115-116.
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| 15 |
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Ibid., 116.
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| 16 |
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Harris, Education, 2
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| 17 |
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Badri, The Dilemma of Muslim Psychologists.
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| 18 |
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Reported by Bukhari on the authority of Abullah ibn Mas'ud on the beginning of creation, in the chapter "Mention of the Angel," vol. 41, Hadith No. 549.
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| 19 |
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19. Abubakar Mahmoud Gummi, Radd al-Adhhan ila-Ma'an al-Qur'an (a commentary of the Qur'an) (Beirut: Dar al-Arabiyyah, 1982).
20. Surah al-Ahqaf (46:15). Other chapters and verses in which this attainment of full strength after weakness is mentioned are 40:67; 22:5; 17:34; 28:14; and 12:22.
21. See note (18) above.
22. That is the Science of Jurisprudence in Islam. The Principle referred to here is that which says: "Al-Itibar bi Umum al-Lafz la bi khusus al-ma'ana," i.e., Consideration can be made in juristic decisions to general meaning and implications of phrases or statements, in addition to their specific connotations.
23. A hadith reported by both Bukhari and Muslim on the authority of Abdullahi ibn Abbas.
24. See Surah al-Ahqaf (46), verse 15
25. A hadith reported by Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, and Hakim, on the authority of Abu Rafi.
26. See note (19) above.
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| 20 |
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Ibid, x.
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| 21 |
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Sabra, "The Astronomical Origin of Ibn al-Haytham's Concept of Experiment, 136.
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| 22 |
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Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology; Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology; H. Kendler, Historical Foundations of Modern Psychology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); D. Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 3rd ed. (Orland: Academic Press, 1981).
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| 23 |
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Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology.
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| 24 |
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G. Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, translated by H. Adler, edited by D. Howes and E. Boring (New York: Holt, Rinhart and Winston, 1860).
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| 25 |
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Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology, 155.
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| 26 |
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Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, 10.
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| 27 |
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Ibid., xxvii.
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| 28 |
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Ibid., 10.
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| 29 |
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Ibid., xxviii.
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| 30 |
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Ibid., xxix.
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| 31 |
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Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 54.
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| 32 |
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Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, xxix.
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| 33 |
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Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 283.
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| 34 |
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Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics.
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| 35 |
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Ibid., xxiv.
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| 36 |
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Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 293.
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| 37 |
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Ibid; Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology; Kendler, Historical Foundations of Modern Psychology.
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| 38 |
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A. Sabra, "Sensation and Inference in Alhazen's Theory of Visual Perception," in Studies in Perception: Interrelations in the History of Philosophy and Science, edited by Peter Machamer and R. Turnbull (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978), 160-161.
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| 39 |
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Sabra, Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, xii.
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