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Footnotes
1 - E. Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology (New York: Appleton-Century Crofts, 1957); J. Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1982); B. Hergenhahn, An Introduction to the History of Psychology (Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing, 1986); D. Lindberg, "Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva in the West," in Mathematics and Its Applications to Science and Natural Philosophy in the Middle Ages, edited by E. Grant and J. Murdoch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 249-267; G. Russell, "Ibn al-Haytham - the First Biophysicist," Trends in Neurosciences, 2 (1979): viii-xi.
2 - S. Anguru, "Mathematics and Experiment in Witelo's Perspectiva," in Mathematics and Its Applications to Science, 269-297.
3 - Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology, 74.
4 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 13.
5 - Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology, 75-76.
6 - Hergenhahn, An Introduction to the History, 74-75.
7 - Lindberg, "Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva," 259.
8 - I. Howard, "Alhazen's Neglected Discoveries of Visual Phenomena," Perception 25 (1996): 1203-1217; G. ten Doesschate, "Oxford and the Revival of Optics in the Thirteenth Century," Vision Research 1 (1963): 313-342.
9 - Lindberg, "Roger Bacon and the Origins of Perspectiva," 264.
10 - Doesschate, "Oxford and the Revival of Optics," 328.
11 - Ibid., 333.
12 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, Books I-III, translated with introduction and commentary by A. Sabra (London: The Warburg Institute, 1989).
13 - A. Sabra, "Psychology versus Mathematics: Ptolemy and Alhazen on the Moon Illusion," in Mathematics and Its Applications to Science, 217-247; Howard, Alhazen's Neglected Discoveries; Russell, Ibn al-Haytham the First Biophysicist; O. Khaleefa and H. Manaa, Ibn al-Haytham Scale for the Error of Vision: New Discoveries in the History of Experimental Psychology, a manuscript submitted for publication.
14 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, Book I.
15 - A. Sabra, "The Astronomical Origin of Ibn al-Haytham's Concept of Experiment," Actes du Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, Paris, 1968, T. 111A (Paris, 1971): 133-136.
16 - Russell, Ibn al-Haytham the First Biophysicist, viii.
17 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 7.
18 - Sabra, Introduction, commentary, glossaries, concordance, indices of The Optics of Ibn al-Haytham, vol. 11, 18.
19 - Russell, Ibn al-Haytham the First Biophysicist, viii.
20 - Ibid, x.
21 - Sabra, "The Astronomical Origin of Ibn al-Haytham's Concept of Experiment, 136.
22 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology; Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology; H. Kendler, Historical Foundations of Modern Psychology (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987); D. Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 3rd ed. (Orland: Academic Press, 1981).
23 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology.
24 - G. Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, translated by H. Adler, edited by D. Howes and E. Boring (New York: Holt, Rinhart and Winston, 1860).
25 - Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology, 155.
26 - Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, 10.
27 - Ibid., xxvii.
28 - Ibid., 10.
29 - Ibid., xxviii.
30 - Ibid., xxix.
31 - Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 54.
32 - Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, xxix.
33 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 283.
34 - Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics.
35 - Ibid., xxiv.
36 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 293.
37 - Ibid; Brennan, History and Systems of Psychology; Kendler, Historical Foundations of Modern Psychology.
38 - A. Sabra, "Sensation and Inference in Alhazen's Theory of Visual Perception," in Studies in Perception: Interrelations in the History of Philosophy and Science, edited by Peter Machamer and R. Turnbull (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1978), 160-161.
39 - Sabra, Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, xii.
40 - Howard, "Alhazen's Neglected Discoveries of Visual Phenomena"; S. Polyak, The Vertebrate Visual System (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), 109-110.
41 - Sabra, "Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics."
42 - Ibid., xxxii-xxxiii.
43 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology.
44 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 3.
45 - Ibid., 109.
46 - Sabra, "Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics," liv.
47 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 4.
48 - Ibid., 113.
49 - Sabra, "Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics," 62-63.
50 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 229.
51 - Sabra, "Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics," 106.
52 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 229.
53 - A. Sabra, "Form in Ibn al-Haytham's Theory of Vision," Anschrif der Redaktion: Institut fur Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften (Frankfurt am Main: Institut fur Geschichte, 1989), 130-131.
54 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 119.
55 - Sabra, Form in Ibn al-Haytham's Theory of Vision, 135.
56 - Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 54.
57 - Sabra, "Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics," 136.
58 - R. De Valois and K. De Valois, "Neural Coding of Color," in Handbook of Perception, Vol. 5, edited by E. Carterette and M. Friedman (New York: Academic Press, 1975), 145.
59 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 127.
60 - Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, 268.
61 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 61.
62 - Fechner, Elements of Psychophysics, 244.
63 - R. Sekuler, "Visual Motion Perception," in Handbook of Visual Perception, vol. 5, 389.
64 - J. Gibson, The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966).
65 - P. Dodwell, "Pattern and Object Perception," Handbook of Perception, vol. 5, 274.
66 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 193.
67 - Sabra, Psychology Versus Mathematics, 217.
68 - H. Schiffman, Sensation and Perception: An Integrated Approach, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), 364.
69 - E. Boring, "The Moon Illusion," American Journal of Physics 11 (1943): 55.
70 - Schiffman, Sensation and Perception, 364.
71 - Sabra, Psychology Versus Mathematics, 236.
72 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics; see Sabra, Psychology Versus Mathematics, 237.
73 - I. Howard and B. Rogers, Binocular Vision and Stereopsis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
74 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 229.
75 - E. Hering, Spatial Sense and the Movements of the Eye, translation by C. Radde (Baltimore: American Academy of Optometry, 1879).
76 - R. Harber and M. Hershenson, The Psychology of Visual Perception, 2nd edition (New York: Holt, 1980).
77 - Sabra, Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics.
78 - Ibid., 106.
79 - Ibn al-Haytham, The Optics, 243.
80 - Russell, Ibn al-Haytham the First Biophysicist, xi.
81 - Sabra, Commentary to Ibn al-Haytham's Optics, 111.
82 - Ibid., 82.
83 - Khaleefa and Manaa, Ibn al-Haytham Scale for the Error of Vision.
84 - Boring, A History of Experimental Psychology, 98.
85 - Ibid., 194.
86 - Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, 57.
87 - Z. Taha, "Psychophysics according to Ibn al-Haytham," Arab Journal of Psychiatry 1 (1990): 273.
88 - Ibid., 262.

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