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Julius Germanus
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The
journey of Abdul-Karim Germanus
(formerly known as Julius Germanus) to Islam transformed his
life forever. He once described his conversion as his
"moment of awakening."
Germanus
was a university professor in Hungary who spent half of his
life defending Islam and the Arabic language. After having
freed himself from the troubles of youth and the oppression of
traditions, he became attracted to Islam.
The
Beginning of the Path
Germanus
was born in Budapest, Hungary in 1884 and was raised as a
Christian. Immediately after graduating from the University of
Budapest, he decided to specialize in the Turkish language. So
he traveled to the University of Istanbul in 1903 to study
Turkish. In only two years, he was able to master the Turkish
language and excelled in speaking, reading, and writing it.
During
his time at the University of Istanbul, he came across an
exegesis of the Qur'an in Turkish. This marked the beginning
of his transformation and his interest in Islam and the
Qur'an. The exegesis enabled him to understand Islam from the
original sources, and he saw in the various exegeses which
were available in several languages, the fallacies which were
taught about Islam by Christian missionaries.
Motivated
to learn the truth about Islam, he decided to conduct research
in which he compared what the Christians were writing about
Islam to what was really written in the Qur'an and Sunnah. He
also endeavored to read Turkish translations of Hadith in
order to study the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad from
authentic sources.
Back
to Europe
Germanus
returned to Hungary from Istanbul and found his former
professors, who were reputable Orientalists, speaking falsely
about Islam. He argued with them about the true character of
Prophet Muhammad and the many hadiths attributed to him. After
clashing with his professors, Germanus decided to study the
Arabic language after he found that Turkish was full of many
Arabic words. He pursued Arabic and soon became proficient in
it, he then went on to master Persian.
He
excelled in the study of languages, and, in 1912, was
appointed professor of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish as well as
Islamic history at the Hungarian Royal Academy in Budapest. He
was later appointed to the Department of Oriental Studies at
the University of Economics in Budapest.
After
working for a short time at the University of Budapest, the
Bengali-Indian poet, Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941),
one of Bengal's greatest figures, invited Germanus in 1928 to
teach as the chair of Islamic Studies of Visva-Bharati
University in Shantiniketan, Bengal. He stayed in India for
several years and it was there he publicized his conversion to
Islam in the Great Delhi Mosque. Henceforth, he was known
Abdul-Karim. He was given the privilege of being able to give
the weekly Friday sermon at the mosque.
Friendships
with Poets
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Germanus
with Tagore
Picture courtesy Terebess.hu
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Germanus'
great desire to learn more about Islam and Muslims led him to
meet one of the most prominent Muslim poets of the time. He
enjoyed a friendship with the famous Pakistani Muslim poet,
Muhammad Iqbal. They would have long conversations, delving
into important issues facing Muslims. They also would discuss
the scholarship of Orientalists and the activities of
Christian missionaries.
Germanus
and Iqbal differed over their views on missionary activities.
Whereas Germanus believed that the propaganda spread by
European Christian missionaries was a problem, Iqbal believed
that the problem lay in Muslims' lack of unity and opposition
to anti-Islam missionaries. Their long dialogue ended with the
problem of Orientialism and the shortcomings of Orientalist
scholarship.
Germanus
also formed a strong relationship with the famous Egyptian
writer, Mahmoud Timour. Timour wrote about Germanus' journey
to Islam in one of his books:
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Germanus
in Egypt
Picture courtesy Terebess.hu
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When
I [Timour] was speaking to him, I asked [Germanus],
"What is the story of your conversion, Hajji? Germanus
combed his fingers through his beard and then responded,
"It was a moment of awakening for me because Islam is
the true religion. Enlightened minds and free thinkers find
tolerance in Islam, in its doctrine and in the Shari`ah.
They find truth is Islam which convinces them of its
validity. With Islam, free thinkers set themselves loose
from the oppression of traditions. I know many intellectuals
who, as soon as they free themselves of the troubles of
youth and the oppression of traditions, secretly become
Muslim and conceal their faith and submission to Allah in
the depths of their hearts." Timour responded, saying
the following: His answer did not cure or entice me with its
excessive details, I asked him "Can't you tell me about
what attracted you to Islam? "He became less agitated
and said, "One thing attracted me to Islam, it is the
essence of all things, and that thing is the religion of
purity, the religion of cleanliness, of both the body and
spirit, and social behavior and manners and the human
feeling.
Germanus'
love of the Arabic language brought him to Cairo, Egypt, where
he furthered his studies of classical Arabic. When he first
arrived to the port city of Alexandria, he was surprised with
the way the locals responded to him. They would laugh when he
spoke Arabic because he was speaking classical Arabic! When
they spoke to him in their colloquial dialect, he couldn't
make out what they were saying. Germanus became very angry and
screamed out, "I am here in order to learn the language
of the Qur'an from you! Why do you respond with laughter and
ridicule?"
Germanus
found himself back in the University of Budapest and worked as
a professor of history and civilization for more than 40
years. He published several research papers calling for the
revival of classical Arabic in the Arab world. He wanted to
bring back classical Arabic, which had died out just as Latin
had in Europe. He dreamed of a time when all Arab countries
would speak the same form of Arabic that would tie Arabs to
their rich heritage and history.
Throughout
his academic career, Germanus waged a war with European
Orientalists who supported colonialism. He would use evidence
and rational arguments, although he was confronted with much
antagonism. As a result of his disputes with Orientalists, he
was fired from the university on the grounds that his attitude
was not appropriate.
Despite
mounting opposition against Germanus, his students sided with
him and his ideas. They praised his works and saw that his
work had huge influence throughout academia in both the West
and the Muslim world. Because of this support, he was able to
continue in his position as a professor of history despite
protest from Orientalists colleagues.
Mahmoud
Timour, Germanus' good friend, wrote three plays in colloquial
Egyptian Arabic that he dedicated to Germanus to inform him,
in a courteous way, that he had written in the colloquial
Egyptian dialect in order to educate Egyptians and to raise
their level of culture.
Germanus
responded to Timour, saying, "The colloquial dialect is
only a modern language, it cannot express deep sentiments and
emotions, nor can it reveal our innermost feelings. On the
other hand, classical Arabic can best express our most minute
feelings of yearning to perfection."
Germanus
was calling for Timour to stop writing in colloquial Arabic
and to work on refining his skills in writing literature.
Eventually, Timour became a member of the Academy of Arabic
Language in Cairo and improved his literary writing skills in
classical Arabic.
Mahmoud
Timour was fascinated by Germanus' personality and sought
inspiration from him for his story, "The One Who Asked
Allah for Help," in a collection of short stories called Behind
the Veil. The story narrated the journeys of a traveler
who went to Cairo, lived in the neighborhood of Al-Hussein,
and adopted an Egyptian lifestyle. He would wear a long white
robe and stroll the neighborhood in his flowing Arab clothing.
He was always anxious to prayer Fajr in the mosque and to hear
the voice of the muezzin (the man who calls for the prayer) in
the silence of the night.
A
Lifetime of Activity
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Modern-day
Budapest
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In
the mid-20th century, scholarly organizations in the Arab
world were looking to catch up with the modern world. They
hoped to make more connections with Western scholars and so
they elected Germanus to the Scholarly Organization of Iraq in
1962 as an overseas member, he was also elected as a member of
the Arabic language academies in both Cairo and Damascus.
Back
home in Hungary, Germanus endeavored to bring together all of
the Muslims in his country, Muslims only numbered between
1,000 to 2,000 at that time. He established an organization
which ran Muslims' affairs in Hungary and which was able to
convince the Hungarian government to recognize Islam as one of
the official state religions.
In
addition, Germanus was one of the few Europeans to ever have
visited the holy sites in Makkah and Madinah when he traveled
from Egypt to Saudi Arabia in 1935. He wrote a memoir of his
journey to the holy sites in Hungarian called, Allahu Akbar,
which was translated into several languages. He went on Hajj
for a second time in 1939.
Germanus
was married to a European woman who was Christian at the time
of their marriage. However, his wife also eventually converted
to Islam with the help of the famous author and academic Ahmed
Abd Al-Ghafur Attar.
Germanus
can be credited with having motivated the Egyptian writer
Muhammad Huseyn Haykal to perform Hajj. Haykal recorded
memoirs of his trip in In the House of Revelation, and
in the introduction, he wrote the following:
I
was fiddling with the radio signals on different stations
until I reached the Budapest broadcast. And the very first
thing I heard from the broad was the voice of the
presenter say, "I was in the middle of a huge crowd
of people who were circumambulating the Ka`bah. All around
me I heard the phrase, 'Allahu Akbar, Allahu Akbar.' And
when I finished the circumambulation, I walked between the
two mounts of Safaa and Marwa."
So
I [Haykal] said to myself, "Is this European
professor, who is talking about the truth of Islam, more
truthful and strong-willed than I am that he has already
visited the sacred sites?
Germanus
wrote about Islam in various European publications. In one
article he wrote:
I
am a European man who didn't find my home in being
enslaved to gold, power, or domination. I was influenced
by the simplicity of Islam and in the respect it had in
the eyes of Muslims. … The Muslim world will keep its
true essence through its spirituality and its supreme
example. And Islam always preserves its foundations of
freedom, fraternity, and equality between all human
beings.
He
also wrote the following in another article:
Islam
transcends by elevating humans from an animal state to the
height of refined civilization and I hope, or rather I
expect, that Islam will once more be able to achieve this
miracle at the time when great darkness will surround us.
Germanus
wrote many books, including The Greek, Arabic Literature in
Hungarian, Lights of the East, Uncovering the Arabian
Peninsula, Between Intellectuals, The History of Arabic
Literature, The History of the Arabs, Modern Movements in
Islam, Studies in the Grammatical Structure of the Arabic
Language, Journeys of Arabs, Pre-Islamic Poetry, Great Arabic
Literature, Guidance From the Light of the Crescent (a
personal memoir), An Adventure in the Desert, Arab
Nationalism, Allahu Akbar, Mahmoud Timour and Modern Arabic
Literature, The Great Arab Poets, and
The Rise of Arab Culture.
Germanus
passed away on November 7, 1979 after having served the cause
of Islam and Muslims for nearly 50 years.
**
Yasser Hejazi is
an Egyptian researcher and journalist
This article is translated from Arabic
by Rose Aslan.
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