1-

Globe and Mail, 3 February 1995.

2-

Comments made at a joint press conference with President Clinton. See, The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, "Press Conference of the President and Chancellor Helmut Kohl," 9 February 1995, 8.

3-

Agence France Presse, 15 August 1994.

4-

Reuters World Service, 19 August 1994.

5-

Agence France Presse, 11 July 1994.

6-

Charles Taylor, The Malaise of Modernity. Concord, ON: Anansi Press, 1991.

7-

James Piscatori, Islam in a World of Nation-States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 30-1.

8-

Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1985.

9-

James Piscatori, 31.

10-

Khalid Bin Sayeed, Western Dominance and Political Islam: Challenge and Response. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995, 1.

11-

See R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution: Fundamentalism in the Arab World, 2nd ed., Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995, 8-11.

12-

World Bank, Global Economic Prospects and Developing Countries (Washington, 1995). Cited by John H. Sigler, "Conflict in the Middle East, 1994-1995," in A. Legault and J. Sigler eds., Conflicts dans le monde, 1994-95. Universite Laval: Institut quebecois des hautes etudes internationales, 1995.

13-

Hrair Dekmejian, "Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences," in Shireen Hunter ed., The Politics of Islamic Revivalism. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988, 8.

14-

Hrair Dekmejian, "Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences," 8.

15-

John Voll, Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World, 2nd ed. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1994, 375-6

16-

Conor O'Brien, On the Eve of the Millennium. Concord, ON: Anansi Press, 1994.

17-

Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1982, 3.

18-

Lamos Andoni, Middle East International, 12 May 1995, 20. Murad Saggafi is the editor-in-chief of the Tehran-based secular magazine Goft e Gou (Dialogue).

19-

William Millward, "The Rising Tide of Islamic Fundamentalism (I)," Commentary, no. 30 (April 1993), 3. Millward is a strategic analyst for the Canadian Security and Intelligence Service.

20-

Ibid.

21-

Fred Halliday, "The politics of Islamic fundamentalism: Iran, Tunisia and the challenge to the secular state," in Akbar Ahmed and Hastings Donnan ed., Islam, Globalization and Postmodernity. New York: Routledge, 1994, 92.

22-

Barbara Roberson, "The Islamic Belief System," in Richard Little and Steve Smith eds., Belief Systems and International Relations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.

23-

Hassan al-Turabi, "The Islamic Awakening's Second Wave," New Perspectives Quarterly 9 (Summer 1992), 55.

24-

Steven Emerson, The Wall Street Journal, 25 June 1993.

25-

Bernard Lewis, New York Review of Books, 25 March 1993, 10.

26-

William Dorman and Mansour Farhang, The US Press and Iran: Foreign Policy and the Journalism of Deference. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.

27-

Nikkie Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981, 58-9.

28--

Amnesty International, Annual Report for 1974-75.

29-

Globe and Mail, 29 April 1995.

30-

Time, 15 January 1979, 18.

31-

Noam Chomsky, World Orders: Old and New. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994, 190.

32-

Richard Nixon, The Real War. New York: Warner Books, 1980, 74 and Seize the Moment: America's Challenge in a One-Superpower World. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992, 204.

33-

The Soref Symposium: American Strategy after the Gulf War, Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1991, 53.

34-

Khalid Bin Sayeed, 25.

35-

William Quandt, Peace Process. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.

36-

Khalid Bin Sayeed, 22.

37-

Noam Chomsky, Deterring Democracy. New York: Hill and Wang, 1992, 421.

38-

New York Times, 30 March 1996, A1.

39-

Transcript of MacNeil-Lehrer Newshour, PBS, 1 April 1992.

40-

Donald Neff, "Clinton places US policy at Israel's bidding," Middle East International, no. 497 (31 March 1995), 16-17.

41-

Report on Israeli Settlements in the Occupied Territories 5 (March 1995), 1.

42-

Journal of Palestine Studies 24 (Spring 1995), 123-4.

43-

Noam Chomsky, World Orders: Old and New, 204.

44-

William Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918-1930. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982, 34-5.

45-

Ibid., 34.

46-

Middle East International, 19 March 1993, 20.

47-

Edward Said, Times Literary Supplement, (3 February 1995, 3.

48-

Richard Bulliet, "Rhetoric, Discourse and the Future of Hope," in Richard Bulliet ed., Under Siege: Islam and Democracy. New York: Middle East Institute of Columbia University, 1993, 10-11.

49-

William Millward, 2.