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Agreed Framework Between the United States of America and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
(October 21, 1994)
Delegations
of the Governments of the United States of America (U.S.) and the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) held talks in Geneva
from September 23 to October 17, 1994, to negotiate an overall
resolution of the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula.
Both sides reaffirmed the importance of attaining the objectives
contained in the August 12, 1994 Agreed Statement between the U.S.
and the DPRK and upholding the principles of the June 11, 1993 Joint
Statement of the U.S. and the DPRK to achieve peace and security on
a nuclear-free Korean peninsula. The U.S. and the DPRK decided to
take the following actions for the resolution of the nuclear issue:
I. Both sides will cooperate to replace the DPRK's
graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities with light-water
reactor (LWR) power plants.
1) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance from
the U.S. President, the U.S. will undertake to make arrangements for
the provision to the DPRK of a LWR project with a total generating
capacity of approximately 2,000 MW(e) by a target date of 2003.
-- The U.S. will organize under its leadership an international
consortium to finance and supply the LWR project to be provided to the DPRK. The U.S., representing the international
consortium, will serve as the principal point of contact with the DPRK for the LWR project.
-- The U.S., representing the consortium, will make best efforts to
secure the conclusion of a supply contract with the DPRK within six
months of the date of this Document for the provision of the LWR
project. Contract talks will begin as soon as possible after the
date of this Document.
-- As necessary, the U.S. and the DPRK will conclude a bilateral
agreement for cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of nuclear
energy.
2) In accordance with the October 20, 1994 letter of assurance from
the U.S. President, the U.S., representing the consortium, will make
arrangements to offset the energy foregone due to the freeze of the
DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities, pending
completion of the first LWR unit.
-- Alternative energy will be provided in the form of heavy oil for
heating and electricity production.
-- Deliveries of heavy oil will begin within three months of the
date of this Document and will reach a rate of 500,000 tons
annually, in accordance with an agreed schedule of deliveries.
3) Upon receipt of U.S. assurances for the provision of LWR's and
for arrangements for interim energy alternatives, the DPRK will
freeze its graphite-moderated reactors and related facilities and
will eventually dismantle these reactors and related facilities.
-- The freeze on the DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and related
facilities will be fully implemented within one month of the date of
this Document. During this one-month period, and throughout the
freeze, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will be
allowed to monitor this freeze, and the DPRK will provide full
cooperation to the IAEA for this purpose.
-- Dismantlement of the DPRK's graphite-moderated reactors and
related facilities will be completed when the LWR project is
completed.
-- The U.S. and DPRK will cooperated in finding a method to store
safely the spent fuel from the 5 MW(e) experimental reactor during
the construction of the LWR project, and to dispose of the fuel in a
safe manner that does not involve reprocessing in the DPRK.
4) As soon as possible after the date of this document. U.S. and
DPRK experts will hold two sets of experts talks.
-- At one set of talks, experts will discuss issues related to
alternative energy and the replacement of the graphite-moderated
reactor program with the LWR project.
-- At the other set of talks, experts will discuss specific
arrangements for spent fuel storage and ultimate disposition.
II. The two sides will move toward full normalization of
political and economic relations.
1) Within three months of the date of this Document, both sides will
reduce barriers to trade and investment, including restrictions on
telecommunications services and financial transactions.
2) Each side will open a liaison office in the other's capital
following resolution of consular and other technical issues through
expert level discussions.
3) As progress is made on issues of concern to each side, the U.S.
and DPRK will upgrade bilateral relations to the
Ambassadorial level.
III. Both sides will work together for peace and security on a
nuclear-free Korean peninsula.
1) The U.S. will provide formal assurances to the DPRK, against the
threat or use of nuclear weapons by the U.S.
2) The DPRK will consistently take steps to implement the
North-South Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean
peninsula.
3) The DPRK will engage in North-South dialogue, as this Agreed
Framework will help create an atmosphere that promotes such
dialogue.
IV. Both sides will work together to strengthen the international
nuclear non-proliferation regime.
1) The DPRK will remain a party to the Treaty on the
Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and will allow implementation of its safeguards agreement under the Treaty.
2) Upon conclusion of the supply contract for the provision of the
LWR project, ad hoc and routine inspections will resume under the
DPRK's safeguards agreement with the IAEA with respect to the
facilities not subject to the freeze. Pending conclusion of the
supply contract, inspections required by the IAEA for the continuity
of safeguards will continue at the facilities not subject to the
freeze.
3) When a significant portion of the LWR project is completed, but
before delivery of key nuclear components, the DPRK will come into
full compliance with its safeguards agreement with the IAEA
(INFCIRC/403), including taking all steps that may be deemed
necessary by the IAEA, following consultations with the Agency with
regard to verifying the accuracy and completeness of the DPRK's
initial report on all nuclear material in the DPRK.
Kang Sok Ju- Head of the Delegation for the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea, First Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of the
Democratic People's Republic of Korea Robert L. Gallucci- Head of the Delegation of United States of
America, Ambassador at Large of the United States of America.
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